Weak Gravitational Lensing

Weak Gravitational Lensing Introduction Gravitational lensing is a very resourceful phenomenon that widely used in astronomy measurement. It contains many aspects of which the strong, weak, and microlensing are well established by observable evidence. The weak gravitational lensing is an active area. Weak gravitational lensing that we can observe is usually caused by large-scale cosmic bodies such as clusters and voids. Generally, gravitational lensing has the advantage of directly measuring or comparing the mass of the object. This is an advantage comparing with the conventional method such as dynamical methods and the diffuse X-ray emission. Those methods require strong assumptions of either dynamical state or composition (Bartelmann Schneider 2001). Thus, weak gravitational lensing has the prospect of leading us to understand more about the voids and clusters that other regular measurement could not achieve, which can further lead to verifying the existence and possible composition of dark matter. Method (How to measure calculate) Gravitational Lensing Effect Gravitational lensing is the phenomenon that the light bundles bent when traveling by massive cosmic bodies due to the effect of gravitational force. In astrophysics photos, strong gravitational lensing would result in prominent arc or arclets (smaller arcs). However, weak gravitational lensing is relatively less noticeable since that the phenomenon only slightly distort the background galaxies. This distortion can be divided into two: convergence and shear. The convergence would result in magnification of the background while the shear would change the ellipticity of the background galaxies we observe. We show a simplistic example for weak gravitational lensing as Fig.1 shows. One thing to mention is that we used thin lens approximation for the example. This means that we assume the lensing effect take place in a surface, which is usually a good approximation because the distance from the background to the foreground lens and from foreground lens to observer are much long comparing the size of a cluster or void. Considering a deflection caused by a point mass M. When a bundle of light pass through the weak gravitational field near it. The deflection angle predicted by general relativity is twice the amount of Newtonian prediction where impact factor (Schwarzschild radius), since the gravitational field is relatively small. Now considering that in Fig.1,, which is valid for most weak gravitational lensing application, it can be proven that Fig.1 An illustration of a typical gravitational lensing with S the source, O the observer and L the massive object The above can be defined as scaled deflection angle, which can also be represented by surface density where the denotes convergence and can be represented by surface mass density and critical surface density : with where the distance is angular diameter distance. The critical surface density depends on the redshift of source and lens (Bartelmann Schneider 2001), the convergence () represents the strength of the lensing. Generally, represents weak lensing. Eq. (3) indicates that the deflection angle can also be written as the gradient of the deflection potential As, it can be prove that The gravitational lensing doesnt change the frequency of the photons, the deflection angles are all the same for any frequency (i.e. no dispersion). Considering that no photon has been emitted or absorbed and omit the change of gravitational potential over time, Liouvilles theorem Since the lens map can be linearized in weak gravitational field, the distortion of images is then described by the Jacobian matrix where we need to introduced the shear components Magnification factor in respect to fluxes can be represented by In case of application, the reduced gravitational shear is more commonly used (Bartelmann Schneider 2001) Weak Lensing by Voids In Fig.1, if we assume L is the centre of a void, instead, then the figure can illustrate the example for weak lensing in a void. Note that weak lensing caused by clusters act like a convex lens, where it converge the light coming through, while those caused by voids are like concave lens, where the light is diverged. Though technically, they do not work the same as classical lensing since they do not have foci. This is because that the voids are and underdense and it is actually the mass outside the void that bend the light. Considering the fact that voids are also relatively large, the change of gravity potential along radius would not be as fast as in massive clusters. The weak lensing caused by voids are quite hard to detect (Amendola et al. 1999). Another essential thing is to have a general model for voids. Due to the mass distribution of void, we shall assume it is a uniform spherical underdensity surrounded by overdense shell. While this is mere an ideal assumption, this model can still capture the main features for the voids (Amendola et al. 1999). Implications Clowe (2006) has put a convincing result with the help of weak gravitational lensing to indicate the existence of dark matter. During the collision of two clusters, they compare the mass of the plasma and of the whole clusters. The plasma was the dominant baryonic component. However, when they compared plasma distribution in X-ray and the cluster gravitational potential by weak lensing, the ratio of plasma/whole cluster fitted better in the cluster model with the dark matter. More recent research have shown thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ As we have mentioned that void is harder to detect due to its size and underdensity. In practice, the size measurement of an individual void in galaxy redshift surveys will be very noisy due to sparse sampling in the underdense region. That is one of the reasons why we need to get the void stacked to determine the weak lensing. Theoretical calculations by Krause et al. (2012) and numerical simulations by Higuchi, Oguri Hamana (2013) suggest that stacking many voids will increase the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of the lensing observables, which may result in the detection of the effect with high significance, the lensing signals measured by stacking large numbers of voids with similar sizes will also constrain the radial profile of voids. It is worthwhile to mention that the stacked method was first used in detection of weak lensing caused by clusters. However, with the improvement of astronomical imaging, the weak lensing for an individual cluster is much easier to detect. Melchior et al. (2014) used the method to stack 901 voids detected in Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SSDS) DR7. They combined the voids with the coordinate, where is the radius of individual void. Their research indicates that voids are generally self-similar and that large voids may does not fit compensated void model as smaller voids do. This means that the density around large void, even for a sufficient large radius beyond, may still be lower than the average density. Clampitt Jain (2015) further extend the stacking method. They used a special method to identify the voids and then filter to remain the ones with good quality. They estimated S/N to be 7, which is a relatively high rate for void lensing. They gave a model-independent statement of void properties. Limitations One intrinsic problem for weak lensing is ellipticity noise. It denotes the fact that each background galaxy has its own ellipticity and orientation. The ellipticity noise is often of the same level of the distortion or even larger (Bartelmann Schneider 2001). Another key limitation of the gravitational lensing methodology could be that it only produces a two-dimensional map of k and hence raises the possibility that structures seen in the map are caused by physically unrelated masses along the line of sight (Clowe et al. 2006). Reference Amendola, L., Frieman, J. A., Waga, I. (1999). Weak gravitational lensing by voids. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 309(2), 465-473. Bartelmann, M., Schneider, P. (2001). Weak gravitational lensing. Physics Reports, 340(4), 291-472. Clampitt, J., Jain, B. (2015). Lensing measurements of the mass distribution in SDSS voids. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 454(4), 3357-3365. Clowe, D., BradaÄ , M., Gonzalez, A. H., Markevitch, M., Randall, S. W., Jones, C., Zaritsky, D. (2006). A direct empirical proof of the existence of dark matter. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 648(2), L109. Higuchi, Y., Oguri, M., Hamana, T. (2013). Measuring the mass distribution of voids with stacked weak lensing. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 432(2), 1021-1031. Kaiser, N., Squires, G. (1993). Mapping the dark matter with weak gravitational lensing. The Astrophysical Journal, 404, 441-450. Krause, E., Chang, T. C., Dorà ©, O., Umetsu, K. (2012). The weight of emptiness: the gravitational lensing signal of stacked voids. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 762(2), L20. Melchior, P., Sutter, P. M., Sheldon, E. S., Krause, E., Wandelt, B. D. (2014). First measurement of gravitational lensing by cosmic voids in SDSS. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 440(4), 2922-2927.      

Wireless Body Area Network Technology

Wireless Body Area Network Technology INTRODUCTION A Body Area Network is defined by IEEE 802.15 as a standard for communication in or near the human body that can serve a variety of applications like medical testing, electronics and private entertainment optimized for low power devices and operation [1]. In more common terms, to cooperate for the benefit of the user Body Area Network is a device system in a close contact to a person’s body. A Wireless Body Area Network is capable of establishing a wireless communication link consists of intelligent and small devices implanted or attached in the body. These devices provide health monitoring for continuous and provides feedback to the medical personnel or user which is real time. The measurements can be recorded and used over a long period of time. There are two types of devices can be used for evaluation: sensors and actuators. The sensors, internal or external, are implanted on body to measure some parameters of the human body. For example body temperature, measuring the heartbeat or recording an ECG readings. The actuators can take some specific actions according to the data received from the sensors e.g., any sensor equipped with a built-in reservoir checks the correct dose of insulin to give, based on the glucose level measurements, to a diabetics patient. In body area network for medical purposes, a number of sensors are implanted on patient’s body. These sensors collect the data from body and send collected data to the main sensor. This main sensor analyzes the data and takes specific action. It sometimes consists of actuator which is used for taking required action. For eg. the sensors collect the data from body of a diabetic patient and sends it the main sensor. The main sensor analyzes the data and if it is dropped then it can inject insulin into the body of the patient and make it comfortable till the main medical aid it gets. IEEE 802.15.4 is a standard for low-rate (LR) WPANs. A LR-WPAN network allows wireless connectivity in applications with limited power, low cost and simple communication and relaxed throughput requirements.[4] Ease of installation, extremely low cost, reliable data transfer, short-range operation and a reasonable battery life are the main objective. There are different type of topologies are used in communication system for different purposes and according to our need. Topologies which are used widely are : Star ,Mesh and Cluster, Ring, Bus topology. On the basis of average jitter, throughput, end –to-end delay, traffic bits sent, traffic bits received, we can find out that which topology is good for our system. With different topologies come different routing protocols. The routing protocols to be used with zigbee protocol are AODV, DYMO, DSR etc. In wireless communication, there is no any fixed or dedicated route is assigned between two nodes for communication. Whenever , they want to communicate with each other or any other node they request for route to the system and these routing protocols , according to their properties find out the best route for communication. That route will be shorter in length so that their won’t be any delay. Body area network is being used very widely in today’s high tech world. Mainly for body area sensors detection, health monitoring and for providing assistance to differently able persons. Below are some of the advantages of Body Area Network:- Quick transmission time Reliability Good quality of service Different data rates can be used Compatibility Low power required (as work on battery) Security (because of encryption) Portable As there are many kind of routing protocols and topologies are available for communication. There are routing protocols like AODV, DYMO, Bellman ford ,LANMAR etc but it depends on type of requirement and demand that which protocol is suitable for our purpose. So, in this project we will try to find out that which routing protocol is better for our system with suitable toplogy like star, mesh etc. In this project we have zigbee based wireless sensors for monitoring. It defines the upper layers like physical and MAC layer. It is suitable choice for monitoring medical purpose sensors. Every node will sense the data from body and collected data will be sent to main node. We will design and simulate these systems on Qualnet then we will make comparison between them on the basis of throughput, average jitter, average end-to-end delay etc. The performance of each topology will be compared with every routing protocol. TECHNOLOGY TO BE USED BODY AREA NETWORK Introduction With the invent of new and high tech environment there is need of small, low power, light weight, portable devices with sensors. These devices can be used at low data rates for improving speed and accuracy. A number of these devices can be implemented on body for the monitoring of body sensor networks for applications such as health monitoring. In a body area network , it consists of small, portable devices that can be easily implanted on one’s body and they can establish wireless network link. These devices take the data continuously for health monitoring and provide real time readings to the medical examiners. These readings can be recorded and can be used for long time. A body area network generally consists of actuators and sensors, which can be implanted on or inside the body. These sensors are used to collect data. Like for eg. taking heartbeats, taking readings of ECG or temperature of body etc. The actuators take required actions on the basis of data they receive from sensors or from users. Sometimes these actuators have in-built pumps or reservoirs that keep on checking the dose of insulin and it can inject it inside body if needed. It is helpful for diabetic patients. The communication with other person or user can be done by portable wireless devices such as smart phone or PDA. The body area network works on the principle in which data is received through implanted devices and transmitted to external devices. The sensors implanted in or outside the body interact with one another and to the actuators. The actuator is based on the process of taking action according to the surrounding conditions. All the sensors send their data to main sensor. The main sensor collects the data from each sensor, fuses it and sends it to the particular person via internet. Generally, body area network comprise of small sensors and devices therefore ad-hoc network is best suitable choice for this kind of network. The IMEC (Interuniversity Micro Electronics Center) working on the principle to get hospital to the nearest location with patient. It is gives the patient the freedom of not going to hospital on regular basis for checking and taking his readings. The patient is now out of worries of regular check-up. The devices itself will take the readings and pass it to the concerned doctor and according to the readings it can take required action too, without the need of any medical personnel, in case of emergency. Architecture A body area network has a network created in or around the human body. The architecture of the body area network is as shown below. Figure 2.1 Architecture of body area network Figure 2.2 Core of body area network The proposed architecture of body area network as shown in figure 2.1 consists of following elements : Sensors: These are used to collect data from the different parts of the body continuously and transmitted this data to main sensor. Main sensor: The main sensors collect the data from other sensors and fuse it together. Then it supplies this data to coordinator. Coordinator: The coordinator analyzes the data and takes suitable action, if required otherwise send this data to PDA being used by the user. PDA or smart phone : These are the devices which get data in the form required from the sensors and transmit over the network to the laptop or desktop, wherever it is being recorded for future purpose. The core of body area network as shown in figure 2.2 consists of several body sensor units (BSU) and one body control unit (BCU). Applications 1. Medical Applications With the invent of new technology and fast processing, there was need of speed, comfortablity and convenience in the field of health monitoring too. So, with the help of body area network, it became possible and easy to monitor the health of patient remotely. 2. Sports Applications In the field of medical, it can check the health of athletes and can give a accurate and clear picture about it to their coaches so that they can determine their weaknesses and strengths. It can be used in measuring many factors during competitions like race. This kind of observation can be done anywhere and there is no need of going to laboratory and running on trademills everytime for taking readings. 3. Entertainment Applications Body area network can be used for entertainment also. It can be used for gaming, multimedia applications, 3D video and video buffering etc. Issues involved 1. Sensors: What type of sensors should be used? The types of sensors to be used depend on the requirement and purpose. 2. Source of power: These devices are to be used for a long time and continuously therefore power source should be continuous and strong. 3. Communication Range: The range of the system should be such that it can give person nearest location help and should not get disconnected even if it is far. 4. Size and weight: The size of the sensor should be small enough to be get implanted on body easily and weight should be as minimum as possible. Because a number of sensors are to be implanted on body so it should not be difficult for the person to carry them over his body. 5. Mounting of sensor: The sensors should be implanted at the correct point of the body so that sensors can take the readings correctly. If they are mounted incorrectly then system may not get the required reading. If the sensors have to count heartbeats then sensors should be placed near heart for taking data. 6. Robustness: There is very less probability of taking wrong readings if the readings are taken incorrectly then it can cause big problems. 7. Synchronization: The sensors should be synchronized with each other and with main sensor. They should be working in real time. 8. Cost: The cost of the system should be low so that more number of persons can use it and could be used for mass production. ZIGBEE PROTOCOL Introduction SIMULATION AND RESULTS Simulation is the main process of finding out the performance of the proposed system. It tells us the ability and efficiency of the particular system when it is used under different system, surrounding and environmental conditions. It tells us that how really our system is going to work in a real environment and what factors should be taken care of while using and designing it .So, instead of designing any factory prototype of system before , it is simulated and ran on software by virtually designing it. In this project we are working for IEEE 802.15.4 zigbee protocol for body sensor network. We have used two topologies : star and mesh. We have used software QUALNET 5.0 for simulation of our scenarios that is star and mesh for different routing protocols such as AODV and DYMO. QUALNET 5.0 is a product of scalable technologies and is a good software for designing and simulating wired and wireless networks such as wi-fi, wi-max, GSM etc. There are a number of protocols available for simulation of different type of systems. It also has 802.15.4 protocol for zigbee which can be used for designing body area network prototypes. Qualnet is chosen because of its accuracy and its available graphical user interface. Using qualnet we designed star and mesh topologies containing PAN co-ordinator, routers and a number of sensor elements and then we developed them for different routing protocols such as AODV and DYMO. After developing them, we tested and compared them for throughput, end-to-end delay, average jitter etc. So that we can find out better performing routing protocol for respective topology used. The simulation results are shown as per respective factor for different topology showing performance on different routing protocol. THROUGHPUT: Any routing protocol in any network can send only a fixed amount of data over the route so if we are having a large bit message then we have to divide that data into a number of packets that can be transferred over the route to the destination. These packets have size which is applicable for the route. When these are sent over the network then some of the packets can get corrupted due to the noise or lost or discarded and not all of the sent packets will be received by the receiver. Then, throughput comes into picture which is the rate of the successful transfer of packets. It is measured in bps that is bits per second. Below are the simulation results for throughput of star and mesh topologies : The above result is shown for the throughput comparison of star topology for AODV and DYMO routing protocol at different nodes . It can be seen from the figure that the throughput is same for both. The above result shows the comparison of mesh topology for AODV and DYMO routing protocol. From the above result we can see that throughput for DYMO is very less than the AODV. So it can be concluded that AODV is better than DYMO for mesh topology. AVERAGE JITTER: When a number of packets are transmitted over a network then there can be some delay (latency) over the network due to which the receiver will receive packet after the expected time. The variability in time can be observed for various networks. This variability in latency is jitter. A network which has no latency or constant latency has no jitter. The above result is shown for comparison of average jitter of star topology for AODV and DYMO routing protocol. It can be seen from the above result that average jitter for AODV is larger than DYMO so it can be concluded that DYMO is better than AODV for star because it has less dealys for packet transmission. Also, it can be concluded that there will be less collision in DYMO because it is taking less time for transmission. The above result is shown for comparison of mesh topology for AODV and DYMO routing protocol for average jitter. It can been seen from the result that DYMO has less jitter than AODV. That means DYMO is better than AODV because it has less latency. Also, it can be concluded that there will be less collision in DYMO because it is taking less time for transmission. Same was the result for star topology so it can be concluded that DYMO is better when it comes to the performance based on the jitter.

The Greed of Music Industry Executives and Declining Record Sales Essay

The Greed of Music Industry Executives and Declining Record Sales The music recording industry is in trouble. For several years now, sales of new and popular music have steadily declined and show no sign of changing. The record companies are quick to blame the growing popularity of the Internet; music is being traded in a digital form online, often anonymously, with the use of file-sharing programs such as Morpheus, KaZaA, and Imesh, to name a few. The RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America) succeeded in disbanding the pioneer Internet file-sharing program, Napster, but is facing confrontation with similar programs that are escaping American copyright laws. While there is an obvious connection between declining popular music sales and increasing file sharing, there is more going on than the RIAA wants to admit. I will show that the recording companies are overpricing their products, and not sufficiently using the Internet as an opportunity to market and sell their products. I shall begin by describing in greater detail the problem that the recording companies are facing, as well as the growing epidemic of online music trading. From there, I will show the correlation between the two and describe the other factors affecting record sales, and how these trends could be turned around to help the industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Record Industry is in trouble,† says Jann S. Wenner in an editorial appearing in a recent issue of Rolling Stone Magazine. â€Å"Album sales are now down almost 20% from two years ago, and the record business is facing the biggest retail slide since the Great Depression† (Wenner). People are buying less and less products released by the recording companies. â€Å"Nobody doubts that the music business is in trouble. Last year, global sales of CDs were down by 5% from 2000, the first fall since the format was launched† (NAPSTER R.I.P). The Nielsen SoundScan, used to report final sales to consumers, revealed some of its figures in a September 2002 issue of Billboard Magazine. â€Å"Nielsen SoundScan reports that overall music sales compared with the year before were off by 12.6%†¦while album sales were off by 9.8%. Total first-half units sold fell to 317.7 million units from 363.4 million; the number of albums sold slipped to 311. 1 million units from 344.8 million – an 8.1% drop† (Garrity). Even the number of albums that become hits is... ...election and convenience of P2Ps. Because of consumer’s tendency to download single songs by many varying artists, many may wonder if increased Internet use will eventually exterminate the record album from existence. Personally, I do not foresee the death of CDs and albums as a product. The MP3 format is not quite CD quality, and the singles that are typically downloaded by consumers do not always reflect the talent or best product of a certain performer. Singles are what will make money, but B-sides, the songs that people do not buy the CD for, are also a culmination of an artist’s hard work. B-sides make an album good or bad, and consumers simply do not download B-sides. I fear that buying an entire album will become more rare as these new programs emerge that allow consumers to buy one song at a time, but the album will prevail. Newspapers and Magazines are now available online, but they still appear for retail in stores and by offline subscriptions. Online musi c purchasing shows no signs of dropping, and the consumers show no sign of listening to less music. The industry just has to take the initiative to make the music more accessible to music listeners at a fairer price.

Prejudice in To Kill A Mockingbird & Telephone Conversation Essay

The dictionary defines prejudice as a learned, preformed, and unsubstantiated judgment or opinion about an individual or a group, either favorable or unfavorable in nature. Through the study of the book, To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee, and the poem Telephone Conversation by Wole Soyinka, ones understanding of prejudice and what makes up prejudice changes considerably for what could be perceived as for the better or for the worse. Being ignorant of what is happening or not knowing and properly understanding what prejudice is can make it easy to turn a blind eye to what is happening around you. Learning what prejudice is makes one more conscious of what is happening right next to you in everyday life. Being educated about prejudice is one step closer to a more peaceful life but prejudice will likely never completely disappear, like George Aiken says, â€Å"If we were to wake up some morning and find that everyone was the same race, creed and color, we would find some other cause for prejudice by noon.† Ones perception of the concept of prejudice is primarily determined by the environment in which one grew up. As Sydney Smith said, â€Å"Never try to reason the prejudice out with a man. It was not reasoned into him, and therefore cannot be reasoned out.† It is evident that ones opinion of other people reflects back to the ethics that they were brought up with. From the eyes of the young and innocent Jean Louise ‘Scout’ Finch, we follow the story of Arthur ‘Boo’ Radley and Tom Robinson in the deceivingly quaint town of Maycomb where these two innocent men’s lives are ruined by the evil of other men and women. The two men are the ‘mockingbirds’ of the story, good, innocent people, hurt by the injustice, hatred and prejudice of a small town... .... Red pillar-box. Red double-tiered Omnibus†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Like Tom Robinson in To Kill A Mockingbird, the West African man is unjustly discriminated against because of his race and the colour of his skin. In comparing and analyzing these two texts, one gains a better understanding of the concept of prejudice. There is no logic or reasoning behind prejudice, which is why it is hard to stop it. We all like to think that one day the world will be free of prejudice and everyone will be considered equal and we hang on to that hope as in the words of Martin Luther King Jr, â€Å"Let us all hope that the dark clouds of racial prejudice will soon pass away and the deep fog of misunderstanding will be lifted from our fear-drenched communities, and in some not too distant tomorrow the radiant stars of love and brotherhood will shine over our great nation with all their scintillating beauty.†

Feminism in Tom Robbins’ Even Cowgirls Get the Blues :: Even Cowgirls Get Blues

Feminism in Tom Robbins’ Even Cowgirls Get the Blues In the novel, Even Cowgirls Get the Blues by Tom Robbins, Sissy Hankshaw is a young woman who gets introduced to the world via hitchhiking. From the beginning of the novel, Sissy’s sexuality is foreshadowed. She goes with her mother to see a psychic, Madame Zoe. When asked if Sissy will ever get married, Madame Zoe replies, "There is most clearly a marriage. A husband, no doubt about it, though he is years away†¦There are children, too. Five, maybe six. But the husband is not the father. They will inherit your characteristics" (Robbins 33). There is also a lot of defying of traditional gender roles in this novel. Sissy hitchhikes all over the eastern United States by herself. Her self-reliance and determination was previously thought to be more of a male characteristic. Along these lines it is also relevant to use Feminist Literary Criticism to assess this novel. Even Cowgirls Get the Blues and its main character, Sissy Hankshaw epitomize the change in women and sex roles in the late 1960s and 1970s. First of all, this novel can be looked at as representative of the sexual revolution in the 1970s. According to Linda Grant, author of Sexing the Millenium, up until the mid-1960s, single women had a difficult time obtaining birth control and were given the responsibility of remaining virgins until they consummated a marriage. Abortion and homosexuality were not only illegal, but were taboo topics of discussion. Furthermore, a number of women were trapped in loveless marriages due to strict divorce laws (2). Lillian B. Rubin, author of Erotic Wars, describes the beginnings of the Sexual Revolution: Then came the sixties and the sexual revolution. The restraints against sexual intercourse for unmarried women gave way as the Pill [oral contraceptive] finally freed them from the fear of unwanted pregnancy. Seduction became abbreviated and compressed, oftentimes bypassed altogether, as women, reveling in their newfound liberation, sought the sexual freedom that had for so long been ‘for men only.’ The assumption of the era was that she wanted sex as much as he did, the only question being whether or not they wanted to do it with each other. Young people lived together openly, parading their sexuality before their parents’ outraged and bewildered gaze (13). She goes on to report about an interview with a 15-year-old boy who says, "I guess sex was originally to produce another body; then I guess it was for love; nowadays it’s just for feeling good" (13).

Characteristics of the effective counselor Essay

I ‘d like to acknowledge the wonderful help that I received from one of the finest professors at Liberty University Online. I am very grateful to you, Dr. McCarthy, who provided me with the much needed suggested improvements and gave me the tools to complete this research paper. Thanks! Abstract The characteristics that make up an effective counselor are the personality traits that really define the counselor. Several leaders in the field of counseling have listed many of these personality qualities; self confidence, high energy level, optimistic, sense of humor, neutrality, flexibility, emotional stability, risk-taking experience, analytic thinking, creativity, enthusiasm, honesty, sensitivity, hope, self control, awareness, and knowledge. The research compiled in this paper confirm that it’s the richness of the personality that builds the effectiveness of the counselor. Being an effective counselor requires forming not just a solid relationship with your client, but an emotional experience, where the counselor works with the client in a supportive role to recognize and move through challenges as the goals are achieved. It’s the counselors and not the psychotherapists that must allow an emotional alliance and empathetic responses to their client’s issues. Overall, the most important personality qualities in any effective counselor seem to center on warmth, genuineness, compassion and empathy. These are the traits that will be addressed the most in this paper. These four traits seem to provide the purest motivation and seemingly guide the direction of the moral compass within the most effective counselors. The biggest obstacle is identifying how to increase these ideal qualities in oneself as a counselor. The answer seems to lie in a consistent daily practice of mind-body-medicine and self-care. Characteristics of the Effective Counselor Overall it’s the relationship that influences the therapeutic outcome and it’s the counselor’s personality and character that determine the depth and effectiveness of the therapeutic alliance with the client. Counselors that know themselves benefit their clients the most â€Å"†¦the single most important factor in effective counseling is the person-hood of the counselor, regardless of education, training, theoretical orientation, or counseling technique.† (as cited by Clinton, 2002). The personality and character of the counselor is the single most important variable, more important than the therapeutic techniques applied. Effective counselors possess a myriad of personal qualities that transcend their theoretical orientation and therapeutic techniques (Clinton, 2002, p. 185). In order to cultivate the best personhood, or personality of an effective counselor, the issue of identifying what these attractive characteristics or qualities are and how to increase and expand upon them becomes paramount. The combination of qualitative and quantitative measurement tools reflects the overall measure of effectiveness of a counselor. Body Effective Characteristics The classic works of Carl Rogers (1957) identified the need for presence, congruence, empathetic understanding and unconditional positive regard. Above all, he stated the importance of congruence by means of compliance between ideal self and actual self in his personality theory. The third condition is that the therapist should be, within the confines of this relationship, a congruent, genuine, integrated person. It means that within the relationship he is freely and deeply himself, with his actual experience accurately represented by his awareness of himself. It is the opposite of presenting a facade, either knowingly of unknowingly (Rogers, 1957, p. 97). The idea is to bridge the gaps in all directions, to include the therapeutic alliance gaps that separate the counselor from the client. The idea is to remove all disconnect and just experience each experience as a true and  authentic experience, without judgment and without preconceptions. Present moment awareness requires the therapist to take note of the elements that make up each experience, such as sensations, thoughts and feelings. Acknowledgment of these experiences without feeling the need to react or fix anything is critical. The Golden Triad The Golden Triad, or â€Å"therapeutic triad†, is one invaluable concept of effective counseling characteristics and lays down a solid benchmark for counselor’s to emulate and implement. The Golden Triad consists of the high display of warmth, genuineness, and empathy that effective counselors exude with their clients. The therapist’s persuasiveness, level of attention, understanding, support and encouragement all impact the results of the therapy with the client. It’s not just therapist’s ability to foster a positive relationship with the client, but specific needs and expectations for improvement must be met for the client (Clinton, 2002, p. 185). Frequently, genuine responses require more self-reflection and mindful attention. Self-reflection promotes awareness of feelings and knowing the appropriate moment to convey them to a client. Cultivating Empathy and Compassion The majority of counselors who ascribe to the values of holistic humanistic or existential approaches are less likely to avoid experiencing compassion and empathy as they enter and experience their client’s worldview, so that they can become vulnerable and understand how he/she experiences their world (Bowen & Moore, 2014, p. 18). Although the ability to be vulnerable with clients can yield both negative effects such as compassion fatigue or positive effects such as compassion satisfaction, it’s critical that the qualities of compassion and empathy are made readily available to the client in a balanced and careful manner. Being in a state of mindfulness helps to produce more balanced responses of empathy and compassion, without minimizing therapeutic presence (Campbell & Christopher, 2012, pg. 221). In order to help cultivate the many beneficial characteristics of an effective counselor, such as compassion and empathy, certain practices  should be implemented daily. Mind-body practices such as Yoga, Mediation, Qi Gong, etc. bring awareness and acceptance and help to foster a therapeutic and empathetic presence. The ability for a therapist to be present enhances the therapeutic relationship and promotes healing. The mindfulness presence increases the awareness and acceptance of their own inner experience as well as for the experience of the client (Campbell, 2012, pg. 222). Awareness and Acceptance This combination of awareness and acceptance seem to encourage less reactive behavior, by nonreactively recognizing thoughts, emotions and sensations as they arise. This practice also helps to communicate experiences and to be more present to their client’s inner experiences and sufferings in the same moment-to-moment awareness, which additionally helps clients express their body sensations and feelings. Mindfulness practicing therapists learn how to take their minds less seriously and not feel as though they needed to do something when feelings such as anxiety emerge. These mindfulness practicing therapists could also maintain a therapeutic connection with their client and become less reactive to their struggling client’s experiences, rather than sensing their own inadequacy and need to be in control (Campbell, 2012, pg. 221). The counselors freely chose if or how they were to respond to counter-transference. One choice is by acting as observers and just notice without judgment and without trying to suppress reactions to what was happening in the present moment. This mindfulness seems connected to an ability to tolerate silence and wait through it, allowing new experiences to emerge and genuine encounters to occur. This mindfulness presence allows clients to begin to experience their therapist as individual witness in the midst of their own vulnerability (Campbell, 2012, pg. 223). The Essence of Therapeutic Presence According to Rogers, three components exist in attempting to capture the essence of therapeutic presence: being open and available to all aspects of the client’s experience, being open to one’s own experience in being with the client, and having the capacity to respond to the client from the  experience. This therapeutic presence is more of a state of being rather than of doing and the beneficial influence of mindfulness extends to all participants in the therapeutic relationship (Rogers, 1957, p. 98-99). Two elements related to therapeutic presence that deserve repeating are attention and empathy, which have been shown to increase through mindfulness practice. Many practitioners of mindfulness report increases not only in attention and empathy, but in awareness, patience, focus, compassion, responsiveness, the ability to handle strong emotions, and less defensive, judgmental and reactive. (Campbell, 2012, pg. 213) One last concept to point out is that being in present moment awareness with the client occurs on four main levels; spiritually, emotionally, physically and cognitively and requires a deep knowledge of oneself, which can usually be attained through a consistent life-long commitment of integrating a daily exercise routine of mindfulness practices into a demanding schedule. These daily practices may not only induce relaxation states, but can profoundly alter our relationship to ourselves and our minds (Campbell, 2012, pg. 217). Conclusion To summarize, the most important tool that an effective counselor has is themselves. The characteristics of an effective counselor are directly related to the counselor’s personality and client relationship. Some key personality traits of an effective counselor are compassion, empathy, awareness, acceptance, warmth, genuineness as well as a congruent and fully integrated individual. One of the most effective approaches in which counselors can cultivate and nurture those qualities can be found in a daily mindfulness practice, which helps to maintain a more solid moment-to-moment awareness as the client experiences the world and the counselor maintains the role of present, nonjudgmental witness. With a consistent and daily practice of mindfulness exercises, the therapist begins to live more in the moment and less in a reactive state. By working continuously towards self-mastery and self-actualization, counselors can provide the therapeutic presence that positively impacts their clients’ growth and well-being. References Bowen, N., & Moore, J. (2014). Common Characteristics of Compassionate Counselors: A Qualitative Study. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 36(1), 17-29. Clinton, Timothy, and George Ohlschlager. Competent Christian Counseling. Vol. 1. Colorado Springs: Waterbrook, 2002. 184-186, 570-574. Print. Campbell, J. C., & Christopher, J. C. (2012, July). Teaching mindfulness to create effective counselors. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 34(3), 213+. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA297915507&v=2.1&u=vic_liberty&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=dc53ce42d985ee78066b8600c33ca82c Rogers, C.R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21,95-103. doi:10.1037/h0045357

Critical Evaluation of Assessment Practice in Enterprise Education

In this twenty-four hours and age, there is a demand for pupils to derive entrepreneurial accomplishments which may assist them run into work force and economic demands. This demand has been documented by several research workers. The function of the pupil has changed over the old ages from independency and ego sufficiency to interdependence. This alteration is seting larning establishments under force per unit area to bring forth alumnuss who have non merely the cognition, but besides the accomplishments needed in designation of chances, understanding market forces, commercializing new merchandises and recommending for them. This means that there is a turning demand for establishments to make assessment patterns that will assist their pupils be successful in this extremely competitory universe. This critical paper focuses on appraisal pattern in endeavor instruction. Many bookmans have written articles and documents about the demand to hold deeper appraisal pattern research to assistance in the creative activity of appraisal schemes that are pupil oriented and which are up to the needed criterions. The paper entitled â€Å" Assessment Practice in Enterprise Education † is authored by Dr. Luke Pittaway[ 1 ]. It analyses the present arguments about assessment pattern in Higher Education. The paper gives some in depth information about educational research on appraisal in instruction and to what extent this research impacts on entrepreneurship instruction. The attack of the article is based on researching several results and foregrounding the functions they play in assisting in the comprehension for the assorted grounds why people engage in endeavor instruction. Thereafter, the paper applies the different results to assessment pattern. This application of results is done by describing a figure of focal point groups. The terminal consequences based on different focal point groups are presented harmonizing to results in different possible entrepreneurships and little concerns. The followers is a critical rating of the paper. Article Summary Pittaway identified different research subjects in the country of endeavor instruction. The writer looked at systematic literature reappraisal to place these subjects. Some of the subjects that the writer found to rule this country are: Factors impacting the leaning of pupils to go enterprisers Changes in pupil efficaciousness brought approximately by instruction Institutional policies and Teaching method The writer criticized the systematic literature reappraisal of non giving much attending to the issue of assessment pattern in endeavor instruction. Harmonizing to him, â€Å" coded commendation informations developed inductively from abstracts did non foreground the topic as of major concern to the research community † . He goes on to state that the research done on endeavor instruction focuses excessively much on the design and execution of plans instead than assessment pattern efficaciousness. However, every bit much as the writer recognizes the restrictions of these research outcomes, he besides admits that there is barely any research that has been done on the country of assessment pattern in assorted entrepreneurship diaries. Harmonizing to him, this could be the ground why current research on appraisal standards on endeavor instruction has really small to offer. Pittaway argues that this inadvertence is unfortunate since he sees assessment as being really of import in academic pattern. He says that appraisal determines the quality of higher instruction instruction and acquisition. He agrees with those who say that decently designed appraisal tools make aid do clear outlooks. He besides says that they are of import in the constitution of sensible work load and creative activity of chances for pupils to supervise themselves, pattern, rehearse and acquire feedback. Harmonizing to Pittaway, the UK authorities bureaus such as the Quality confidence Agency and the Higher Education Academy, that are responsible for guaranting that instruction quality is maintained, usually put a batch of accent of assessment pattern. They usually focus on appraisal pattern so as to guarantee that rating is effectual. Concentrating on appraisal pattern besides enables the bureaus to protect educational criterions. They besides use it as a agency of larning every bit good as pupil feedback. Pittaway observes that although appraisal pattern is enormously of import, it has been abandoned in many learning establishments and it is taught as a topic in endeavor instruction. He addresses this inadvertence by measuring assorted statements and positions given in research on several assessment patterns. He besides gives some of the established entrepreneurial results in endeavor related instruction. The results that he focuses on are those that have been developed by the UK National Council for Graduate Entrepreneurship. At the terminal of the paper, Pittaway draws together some of the classs of appraisal and explains how they can be used to better endeavor instruction. Cardinal Subjects: Arguments and Discussions Pittaway states that as a topic, appraisal is rather wide and it includes several signifiers of assessment pattern in higher instruction. He lists these assessment pattern signifiers as: Institutional appraisal Teacher appraisal Student appraisal He focuses on pupil appraisal, which he says has elicited concern chiefly due to increasing force per unit area from academic bureaus and authorities organic structures which are looking to act upon, enhance and step public presentation of establishments. However, he considers assessment pattern as a really of import facet of educational pattern for its built-in function in measuring the nexus between the existent accomplishment of pupils and the desired or expected educational results. He goes on to state that the nexus between appraisal and educational results is really near. He says that the system of appraisal used has the possible to drive pupil behaviour and in the long tally, affect their learning experience. Pittaway focuses on arguments and statements which revolve around political and educational concerns. One of these educational concerns is based on how assessment patterns impact on the acquisition procedure. This concern seeks to understand how and to what extent appraisal can be able to assist larning to happen. Many establishments in the state have put in topographic point appraisal methods that have a clear alliance with expected larning results every bit good as the cognition and accomplishments that pupils are taught. Pittaway sees the deficiency of a clear alliance between larning results, larning chances and appropriate appraisal patterns as a major job ( Pittaway, 7 ) . He says that this alliance has non been every bit good thought through as it should be. Another job that Pittaway points out in the bing appraisal undertakings is the deficiency of a deep procedure. He says that the bing appraisal patterns encourage surface acquisition at the disbursal of deep acquisition which usually has the possible to enable a pupil addition entrepreneurial accomplishments that he can utilize subsequently in life. He says that â€Å" many of our appraisal processes encourage surface larning directing pupils to play the system instead than promoting deep acquisition † . Principles for Effective Assessment Practice Pittaway gives the undermentioned rules for efficient appraisal pattern in enterprise instruction: The appraisal pattern should be dependable, valid and consistent The sum of appraisal should be appropriate The intent or ground for appraisal should be clearly defined the standards used in appraisal should be expressed, apprehensible and transparent all signifiers of appraisal tools need to be based on proper apprehension of pupil acquisition procedures appraisal must suit the differences exhibited by single pupils appraisal patterns should give room for pupils to have feedback appraisal must enable pupil and instructors to reflect on their acquisition and pattern eventually, the appraisal method used in an establishment needs to be an built-in portion of class design Reliability, value and consistency are some of the qualities that any academic appraisal plan should hold. The assessment pattern should be dependable in that it should be applicable to broad scope of class countries. A valuable appraisal pattern means that it is able to heighten the entrepreneurial capablenesss of scholars. The assessment undertaking demands to be appropriate to a scholar ‘s environment. The endeavor appraisal should be related to what the pupil has learnt in his entrepreneurial instruction and it should besides reflect the sort of entrepreneurial patterns that are used in a certain part. Many pedagogues do non clearly specify their appraisal intents. This is what leads to equivocal appraisals which end up non assisting the pupils at all. To avoid such a state of affairs, there is demand to clearly specify larning results in entrepreneurship assessment patterns. Educators need to believe profoundly about the appraisal tools to utilize in endeavor instruction. This will do apprehension of assessment standards really easy and apprehensible. When pedagogues understand the pupil ‘s acquisition procedures, so it is besides easy to make assessment patterns that are value added. In planing efficient appraisal patterns, there is need to understand a pupil ‘s alone demands. There is no point in planing appraisal plans which do non reflect the demands of each and every pupil. When the single demands of scholars are considered in the design of appraisal in entrepreneurial instruction and appraisal, so assessment efficiency is possible. An efficient appraisal pattern should give a pupil the chance to have feedback. Feedback is of import as it enables the pupil to personally estimate how good he understands constructs and how efficaciously he can use the accomplishments that he has been taught. Feedback should be given in a manner that encourages betterment in larning results. Contemplation is an of import facet of effectual acquisition. In planing entrepreneurial appraisal patterns and schemes, pedagogues need to believe about making them in away that will advance contemplation. When pupils and their instructors reflect on their acquisition patterns, they are likely to appreciate their acquisition results and better their entrepreneurial accomplishments. Including practical and good thought out assessment scheme in the overall class design is really of import. It ensures that the appraisal method and standards used is in line with the needed acquisition criterions. The thought that assessment patterns need to be wholesome is a welcome one. It is high clip that pedagogues recognized the importance of effectual appraisal in making a coevals of entrepreneurial persons. They should therefore think truly carefully about the appraisal patterns that will convey out the best int inheritor pupils in footings of entrepreneurial capablenesss. Teachers and other instruction policy shapers should non work in isolation with pupils and other stakeholders when planing appraisal schemes that are applicable to a broad scope of classs. Pittaway says that given the diverseness and possible complexness of endeavor instruction appraisal pattern, there is demand for more consideration for the topic from a pattern and research position. He goes on to state that pedagogues need to believe more carefully about the jobs and issues that are usually associated with appraisal. These issues include the intended acquisition results in entrepreneurial surveies every bit good as how this can be linked together in planing effectual educational designs ( 18 ) . This is a strong point that Pittaway makes. Educators need to germinate from theory appraisal to skill based appraisal in entrepreneurial appraisals. They should believe deeply about the consequences they intend to see after learning entrepreneurial accomplishments to their pupils before they create any assessment tools. When they are certain about the intended acquisition results, they can so plan effectual appraisal undertakings that are pupil oriented. Although this is the ideal appraisal pattern, it is non as easy to accomplish as Pittaway points out ( p. 18 ) . The writer says that diverseness in itself has brought many other appraisal jobs, particularly those that are associated with effectual appraisal pattern. He says that the topic has non been dwelt with earnestly and in adequate deepness by research workers, and hence, pedagogues can non accomplish what they want. Pittaway besides observes that although there is a high rate of deficiency of advanced appraisal, the deficiency of advanced bringing is really minimum. Pittaway besides focuses on the philosophical diverseness sing the function of assessment pattern in endeavor instruction. This he says is demonstrated in literature and endeavor pedagogues ‘ end product. He says that there are considerations in the presentation of endeavor instruction appraisal patterns. He says that formative appraisal enables pupils to place their countries of failing and helps in bettering acquisition. Summational appraisal is usually used to measure where or how far the pupils have come in footings of their public presentation. Pittaway observes that there exists some sort of tenseness between these two sorts of assessment positions. He points out that research workers usually place more with summational methods of appraisal. These methods are usually entrenched in many educational establishments where external accreditation systems and diagnostic signifiers are common. However, he says that although these tensenesss are a world, they can be resolved by uniting elements of the two positions of endeavor appraisal patterns ( 18 ) . He goes farther to indicate out another signifier of tenseness in educational doctrine circles: cold perceiver vs. societal perceiver appraisal. In the past few old ages, ego and peer appraisal in higher instruction has grown in popularity ( 19 ) . This makes it possible for those people who are themselves prosecuting in larning to measure the sort of acquisition that has already occurred. However, Pittaway argues that the difference in the cold perceiver and societal perceiver appraisal methods is really minimum and it should non impact really much on larning results. Pittaway besides addresses the issue of entrepreneurial larning results in footings of how pedagogues understand the relevancy of endeavor instruction and appraisal. He says that pedagogues need to understand how enterprising people and entreprenuers learn so as to be able to do appropirate determinations sing the â€Å" signifiers of instruction activity that can advance such acquisition † ( p.9 ) . He besides looks at how entrepreneurial acquisition research can offer insight on how best to travel about the creative activity of effectual appraisal schemes. He says that research based on endeavor larning gives pedagogues a opportunity to place those larning results that are desired in educational activities. He lists a figure of characteristics of entrepreneurial acquisition that he gets from assorted research workers ‘ work: the acquisition should be action oriented enterprisers learn through experience enterprisers learn through contemplation and making they usually learn through experimenting, copying, chance pickings, doing errors and job resolution. Pittaway besides highlights the different countries which pedagogues can utilize to make enterprise instruction and appraisal that impacts on larning. He goes on to state that these countries have the ability to impact alterations in empathy, behaviour, motives, values, competences, ability to pull off relationships and venture creative activity cognition ( p.10 ) . By foregrounding these eight countries of alteration, Pittaway shows the complexness that comes with enter instruction appraisal. Supporting Theories Although there has been a spurred addition in the development of entrepreneurship instruction, there has been minimum research done to analyze pupil larning results and their impact on scholars ‘ attitudes, calling ends and professional competences[ 2 ]. Duval-Coutil, Reed-Rhoads and Haghighi ( 2010 ) portion Pittaway ‘s sentiments when they province that enterprice appraisal has been enormously ignored as a topic. Another research worker, Shartrand ( 2008 ) says that entrepreneurial appraisal plans are: â€Å" Case surveies turn toing the procedure of deriving administrative blessing and pupil involvement, depicting content cognition that is covered, pedagogical attacks utilised, challenges of execution, and, in some instances, appraisal programs † ( p.8 ) Many grounds have been given for the deficiency of valid appraisal instrument certifications and informations. The chief ground is that the call to include entrepreneurship into mainstream academic plans is comparatively new in many learning establishments ( Shartrand and Weilerstein, 2008 ) . There are barriers that may do execution of assessment pattern in endeavor instruction excessively hard. One of these obstructions is based on the world that there may be need for interdisciplinary coaction, a move that may non be excessively popular among faculty members ( Yorke, 1998 ) . Another obstruction has to make with deficiency of consistence in assorted academic plans ( Duval-Couetil, Reed-Rhoads and Haghighi, 2010 ) . This makes it difficult to make assessment schemes that are valid for a broad scope of academic contexts. Several surveies assess the complexness of assessment pattern in endeavor instruction. Falkang and Alberti ( 2000 ) looked at the different accents that has been put on entreneurship classs. They grouped the classs into two different classs: Those that focus on the account of entrepreneurship and its function in the economic system. Those that have an experiential disposition in developing pupils in accomplishments needed in entrepreneurship concerns In the first class of classs, pupils are far removed form the topic under treatment. However in the 2nd class, the classs usually highlight the different methods that are required in measuring acquisition in different environments. It can be said so that the first class of appraisal measures how effectual certain classs are in footings of satisfaction, pupil involvement, pedagogical attacks and cognition acquisition. The 2nd attack can be said to be more practical when viewed from an entrepreneurship appraisal point as it considers the development of new ventures, impact on economic system and professional results. Like Pittaway, research workers Duval-Coutil, Reed-Rhoads and Haghighi have besides categorized appraisal in entrepreneurship instruction. Their classs are ; class degree ratings, focused instrumental ratings and broader plan ratings[ 3 ]. Course flat ratings are those that measure the pupil ‘s reaction to a specific class. Focused instruments are those that seek to estimate certain facets related to entrepreneurship. Broader plan ratings are designed in a manner that they can measure a broad country of results such as economic impact, cognition, satisfaction and calling pick. To a great extent, Duval-Coutil, Reed-Rhoads and Haghighi ( 2010 ) are on understanding with Pittaway on the complexness of developing assessment patterns in entrepreneurial results. The research workers argue that the being of barriers in the bing academic system have made it about impossible for establishments to make assessment patterns that reflect the aims of multiple classs. Harmonizing to Shartrand and Weilerstein ( 2008 ) the appraisal aims for endeavor instruction should steer and promote affectional attacks to larning. The assessment pattern should besides mensurate the expected results in a dependable and valid manner. Entrepreneurial appraisal patterns should besides specify and protect academic criterions ( Palomba and Banta, 1999 ) . When the appraisal is seen to protect academic criterions, so it will non be met with every bit much contention at it soon attracts. Gibbs ( 2002 ) says that some of the jobs encountered in endeavor appraisal are ambiguity in the appraisal and several dissensions centered around the coveted acquisition results. Pittaway besides has a similar observation and he says that the pedagogues in endeavor demand to happen appropriate ways to heighten clear larning results, particularly at the phase of enterprise class development ( Pittaway, 8 ) . There are some assessment methods used soon in schools are usually student and accomplishment based. These sorts of appraisal schemes are suited for enterprise instruction as they are able to run into the demands of academic asperity ( Shartrand and Weilerstein, 2008 ) . It is true that the relationship between different appraisal patterns and acquisition and instruction quality has non been looked at really earnestly. However, stakeholders in establishments of higher larning need to recognize that appraisal demands and standards play a large function in finding pupil larning effectivity ( Falkang and Alberti, 2000 ) . There is demand to carefully design appraisal patterns in a manner that it impacts strongly on the quality of their instruction ( Heywood, 2009 ) . More research is needed in the country of appraisal patterns in endeavor instruction so as to make advanced appraisal schemes that are up to the needed criterions ( Palomba and Banta, 1999 ) . These advanced appraisal schemes for enterprise instruction should besides heighten pupil acquisition, which should be reflected in assessment results. When this topic is given the needed attending by research workers, it will be easy for pupils and instructors likewise to understand its importance in today ‘s extremely progressively entrepreneurial universe ( Falkang and Alberti, 2000 ) . Students and staff will be able to handle it as an built-in constituent of the larning procedure as opposed to handling it as a concluding adjunct to larning. This will enable the pedagogues to acknowledge and do usage of multiple appraisal tools which must be designed to heighten survey wonts that will finally add value to the pupil ‘s life ( Shartrand and Weilerstein, 2008 ) . The appraisal patterns that an establishment decides to utilize should offer a clear coherence between expected acquisition results, the cognition and accomplishments that are being assessed and what the pupils are really taught ( what they learn ) ( Duval-Couetil, Reed-Rhoads and Haghighi, 2010 ) . These assessment undertakings should non merely measure the capableness of scholars to remember some information that they were late taught, they should besides be designed in a manner that they can efficaciously measure the capacity of pupils to synthesise and analyse new constructs and information. Decision Pittaway ‘s article has focused much on the appraisal patterns used in enterprise instruction plans and how this country has been researched. Although appraisal is a really of import portion of endeavor instruction, there are really few establishments that have given much attending to the topic, as Pittaway points out. There seems to be deficiency of experience of making or acquiring alternate or different signifiers of appraisal to suit into a certain academic country. There is demand for more research into the country of appraisal patterns in endeavor instruction. This will assist in the coevals of advanced thoughts on how pedagogues in entrepreneurship can come up with assessment patterns that can supply a nexus between pupil accomplishment and general academic demands. Pittaway does depict the complexness and diverseness of assessment pattern tools and schemes that have been identified by some endeavor pedagogues. He concludes by stating that there should be more accent from a research and pattern position. This is the lone manner that he says establishments will be able to make assessment patterns that are relevant in this twenty-four hours and age. Good appraisal schemes are priceless to establishments and to pupils as good. For one, when a acquisition establishment has good established appraisal patterns, there is no danger of traveling off the grade when it comes to educational quality. Educators are able to keep the set criterions for educational quality while at the same clip developing entrepreneurial capacities in their pupils. This means that when a pupil learns in an establishment that has developed its appraisal patterns, there is a high likeliness that he will be a better enterpriser than a pupil who has non gone through the system. Pittaway has written down some of the rules that he says should be followed when making appraisal plans for enterprise instruction. He has given these rules as dependability, value, consistence, appropriateness transparence and clearly defined appraisal patterns. He goes on to indicate out that although these are the ideal rules for appraisal tools in endeavor instruction, non all pedagogues apply them all. There exists some conventional mean of appraisal that are non every bit effectual as they are supposed to be in this extremely entrepreneurial universe. Educators must see coming up with appropriate appraisal patterns that reflect the demands success in the universe today. The thought that assessment patterns need to be wholesome is a welcome one. It is high clip that pedagogues recognized the importance of effectual appraisal in making a coevals of entrepreneurial persons. They should therefore think truly carefully about the appraisal patterns that will convey out the best int inheritor pupils in footings of entrepreneurial capablenesss. Teachers and other instruction policy shapers should non work in isolation with pupils and other stakeholders when planing appraisal schemes that are applicable to a broad scope of classs. Given the diverseness and possible complexness of endeavor instruction appraisal pattern, there is demand for more consideration for the topic from a pattern and research position. This position is supported by both Pittaway and other educational research workers. Educators need to believe more carefully about the jobs and issues that are usually associated with assessment patterns in larning establishments. These issues include the intended acquisition results in entrepreneurial surveies every bit good as how this can be linked together in planing effectual educational designs. When these issues are resolved, assessment patterns will eventually give the consequences that are required in this twenty-four hours and age. Enterprise pedagogues need to be extremely advanced in the manner they design their appraisal tools so as to heighten acquisition and accomplishment deriving in their pupils. If the appraisal patterns that are used in most establishments of higher instruction are disused, so there is need to revise the system to guarantee that appraisal standard is in line with entrepreneurial demands. Educational research workers all agree on the fact that there is demand to aline larning results, assessment undertakings and larning chances to do endeavor instruction and appraisal every bit effectual as possible.